Stocker l’électricité : Nous sommes toujours à l’air du pétrole, aujourd’hui notre société se bat pour trouver de nouvelles technologies . Elles permettront au monde d’avoir une nouvelle ère, moins polluant, sans abîmer notre planète, responsable, un monde zéro carbone ? Parlons d’un sujet très peu évoquer, le stockage de l’électricité. Les nouvelles technologies qui ont révolutionné ces dernières années ont été les panneaux photovoltaïques . Ils tirent leur énergie des photons du soleil qui tape sur les installations, ou les éoliennes qui permettent de générer de l’électricité grâce à la rotation des pales aux vents. Elles ont cependant un défaut, elles sont intermittentes. Et l’électricité qu’elles produisent doit être utilisé efficacement, c’est pourquoi il faut la stocker quelque part !
1. Comment stocker l’électricité ?
- Afin d’équilibrer l’offre et la demande, l’électricité devra être stocker. Mais l’électricité sous cette forme ne se stocke pas, il va falloir que nous la transformions en énergie potentielle pour pouvoir la stocker.
- L’énergie potentielle peut être mécanique ou chimique. En effet les stations de transfert d’énergies par pompage, appelés également barrages hydrauliques (tant que les turbines ne tournent
pas et que les vannes sont fermées, l’électricité est stockée), sont des technologies de stockage par gravitation, leur principe est simple, il y a deux niveaux différents de retenues d’eau, l’un inférieur et l’autre supérieur, tout deux sont reliés par des canalisations; et en heures creuses, elles sont équipées d’un système de pompage qui permet de transférer l’eau du bassin inférieur vers le bassin extérieur et vis versa. Et, en heures pleines, la station de pompage fonctionne comme une centrale hydroélectrique normale.
2. Les différentes formes de stockage.
- Stocker l’électricité : La batterie au lithium est aujourd’hui un puissant moyen de stockage de l’électricité . Mais il est rare et coûteux, la production de lithium n’excède pas 40 000 tonnes par ans (il en faudrait plus de 360 000 tonnes pour stocker 2 jours de consommation électrique française par exemple).
- Deuxièmement , les batteries des téléphones portable, les tablettes et certains véhicules électriques en sont équipées en lithium. Aujourd’hui, une nouvelle source d’énergie potentiel à vu le jour, il s’agit de la batterie au sodium. Mais les scientifiques y travaillent encore.
- Il existe aussi un stockage d’électricité par air comprimé. Effectivement le principe est relativement simple, il consiste à utiliser l’énergie disponible en période de faible consommation (coût plus bas) et à stocker l’air dans les cavités comprimées comme des grottes souterraines et anciennes mines par exemple, grâce à un compresseur. Une fois que le pic de consommation d’électricité arrive, l’air comprimé est libéré et fait tourner les turbines qui produisent ainsi de l’électricité.
- Ce rendement n’est pas suffisant car en compressant l’air, il réduit par l’échauffement. Donc on étudie alors une méthode qui permettrait de récupérer cette chaleur.
- Nous avons vu les principaux stockages d’électricité. En effet , il en existe cependant d’autre comme le stockage électromagnétique, le stockage thermique, électrochimique ou inertiel.
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